Difficult English

I don't understand at all

主干

中文里进行评价的句型是：

做……事情很……怎么样

而英语里进行评价的句型是：

It is + adj. + for sb. + to do sth.

修饰

较短修饰成分放在被修饰词前面; ‎ -> Top student

较长修饰成分放在被修饰词后面。‎ -> I really love you.

把握英语句子，关键在于把握较长的修饰成分。

那么较长的修饰成分有哪些呢？

flowchart LR A["句子规律"] --> B["主干成分"] A -->C["修饰成分"] B -->D["基本句型汉英语序一致"] B -->E["此外还有若干高级句型"] C -->F["汉语中，修饰成分置于中心词之前"] C -->G["英语中，较短修饰成分置于中心词之前
较长修饰成分置于中心词之后"] D -->H["主谓宾"] D -->I["主系表"] I -->J["注：汉语中系动词常省略
如“我(感觉)热”"] E -->K["如there be句型，
it is adj for sb to do，
倒装句，强调句等等"] G -->L["哪些长？"] G -->M["哪些短？"] L -->N["形容词"] L -->O["副词"] M -->P["介词短语"] M -->Q["从句"] M -->R["非谓语动词"] classDef greenStyle fill:springgreen,stroke:#033,stroke-width:2px,color:#000 classDef blueStyle fill:skyblue,stroke-width:0px,color:#000 classDef purpleStyle fill:orchid,stroke-width:0px,color:#FFF classDef goldStyle fill:gold,stroke-width:0px,color:#000 classDef invisible stroke-width:0px,color:#000 class B,C greenStyle class F,G blueStyle class N,O purpleStyle class P,Q,R goldStyle class J,K invisible

看到了没，就是 介词短语 、 从句 和 非谓语动词短语

介短

【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。

【起止标识】从介词开始到名词终止。如

at home ; in the school ; beyond my wildest imagination ; during my happy childhood ; over the last few years

After chatting with Laura on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon, I returned to my office.

画括号

(After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00) (to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).

从下午两点到四点，我和劳拉就这件事聊了两个小时，然后回到了办公室。

不要试图先抓主干，因为主干可能只有两三个单词。

从句

【定义】由引导词引导的主谓结构。

【结构】引导词+主语+谓语+宾语

引导词也可能会充当主语，所以此处主语可能不存在

【起止标识】从句一定从引导词(有时可省略)开始，但有以下四种终止标识:

  1. 到句尾终止，如: LiHui is a teacher (who teaches English).

  2. 到句中的逗号终止，如: (When I was young), I listened to the radio.

  3. 到下一个修饰成分终止，如: I will invite Yaoming (who was a top basketball player) (to Beijing).

  4. 到下一个谓语动词终止，如: Yaoming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.

非谓语

【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式,即动词的“非谓语”形式,主要包括动词 不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词) 三类。
由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立的完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。

【结构】非谓语动词+名词+副词

【起止标识】非谓语动词短语一定由动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词 (现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头，同样有四种终止标识:

  1. 到句尾终止，如: LiHui is a teacher (teaching English).

  2. 到句中的逗号终止，如: (To improve my English), I often chat with foreigners.

  3. 到下一修饰成分终止，如: Jack walked in, (waving confidently) (to the audience).

  4. 到谓语动词终止，如: We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.

英语 “进化论”

  • This is a tiger.
  • This is a big tiger.
  • This is a tiger on the grass.
  • This is a tiger that I saw before.
  • This is a tiger which is running to the school.
which指代前面的老虎，is助动词无意义，于是最后一句就能简化成：
This is a tiger running to the school.
就变成了非谓语动词短语
可以看出，非谓语动词就是从句的简化版

例题1
LiHui is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China.

查看答案

LiHui is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China).

例题2
They will be able to clear away the mystery of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined.

查看答案

They will be able (to clear away the mystery) (of mathematics) and face their studies (with more confidence) (than they ever imagined).

提示
and是把前面和后面两个部分并列起来的。那么是前面哪个部分被并列起来了呢？一眼是看不出来的，不过我们可以看到and后面跟着一个动词原形face，那么跟它并列的就很可能是前面另一个动词原形，也就是clear away。

他们将能够 / 去扫除那些神秘感（什么的神秘感呢） / 数学的（神秘感） // 而且面对他们的学习 / （with是带着，带着什么呢？）带着更多的信心 / （than是比，比什么更多的信心呢？）比他们曾经想到的更多的信心

翻译
他们将能能扫除数学中的神秘感，并且带着比他们以往想到的更多的信心去面对他们的学习。

例题3
The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.

查看答案

The multiplication tables are an exception (to the general rule) (that we forget rather quickly the things) (that we learn) (in school), (because they are another) (of the things) ((that) we overlearn) (in childhood).

那个乘法口诀表是个例外 / （是个什么例外？）对普遍的规则 / （什么规则？）我们忘得很快的东西 / （什么样的东西？）我们在学校学的东西 // 因为他们是另外的一种东西 / （什么东西？）我们过度学习（的东西） / （在哪？）在小时候学习的

翻译
乘法口诀表是一个例外，因为我们很快就会忘记在学校学到的东西，而乘法口诀表也是我们在童年时期过度学习的东西之一。

平行并列结构

【定义】由“并列词” and \ or \ but \ as well as \ not only... but also... \ both... and... \ either...or.. \ neither ... nor... 等,将两个或两个以上“含义相似，结构相同”的“并列项”连接起来构成的结构。 简记为“A and B”或“A, B and C”。

原则上，只要是“含义相似、结构相同”的东西都能并列。所以英语句子中可以并列的东西有很多，读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。如:

  1. 名词并列：Tom and Jerry are friends.

  2. 形容词并列：Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.

  3. 副词并列：You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.

  4. 动词并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.

  5. 介词短语并列：And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.

  6. 从句并列：I’ve finished reading the book which i written by Mo Yan and which you lent me last month.

  7. 非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.

  8. 整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.

例

例题1
They will be able to clear away the mystery of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined.

查看答案

They will be able (to clear away the mystery) (of mathematics) and face their studies (with more confidence) (than they ever imagined).

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Last updated on 2025-12-01 22:11 +0800